Chapter 1: Introduction to biology
Q/A
Q1. Define biology and its descibe its three branches?
The word biology comes from Greek language “Bios” meaning “live” and “Logos” meaning “thought or reasoning”. Thus biology meaning study of life.
Branches of biology:
Cell biology (L. cells, compartment, Gk. Bios= life; logos; discourse): The study of cell and its organelle.
Parasitology (Gr. para; up): The study of parasites
Pharmacology (Gr. pharmakon, drug;). The study about action of drugs.
Q2. Give one example about relationship of biology with other sciences?
A. Biochemistry:
It is branch of biology which deals with the study of molecules which form living organisms or cell and requires authentic knowledge about biology and chemistry to explain the synthesis of biomolecules and function of different molecules in the body of an organism.
Q3. Mention three careers in biology
A. Medicine and Surgery:
Medicine deals with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and surgery deals with repair, replacement or removal the affected organ.
Agriculture:
This deals with production of varieties of crops, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, etc. Pakistan being an agricultural country, it can play very important role.
Biotechnology:
This is very important and sensitive profession. It deals with manipulation of gene to produce valuable chemical products, such as insulin, growth hormones, interferon, etc from bacteria as well as others.
Q3 . Write translation of one verses about The Holy Quran and biology
“We made every living thing from water”.
(Surah: Ambia, Verse: 30)
Q4. Write contribution of any three muslim scientists
A. Jabir Bin Hayan (722-817 A.D):
He worked in the field of chemistry but he also wrote a number of books on plants and animals. “Al-Nabatiat” and “Al- Haywan” are his two famous books on plants and animals, respectively
Abdul Malik Asmai (741-828 A.D):
He was great zoologist and wrote many books on animals like “Al- Kheil” on horse, “Al-Ibil” on camels, “Al-Shat” on sheep, “Al-Wahoosh” on wild animals and “Khalqul Insan” on the different parts of human body
Bu Ali Sina (980-1037 A.D):
He was greatest of all the Muslim scientists and considered as the founder of medicine. He is called as Avicenna in the west. He identified many diseases like tuberculosis, meningitis and other such inflammations. He wrote book like “Al-Qanoon” and “Fil Tib Al-Shafa”.
Q5. What are the levels of organization? Illustrate
A. The levels of organization in living world are based on chemical foundation. All the living organisms are made up of cells and the protoplasm of cell is the physical as well as chemical basis of life. These levels are as follows
Figure 1.1
Q6. Define species, population communities & biosphere ?
The Species is the smallest unit of taxonomic level of organization, which includes morphologically similar living organisms which inter-breed and produce fertile offspring.
All the members of a species, living in specific habitat are called Population
The members of different species living in specific habitat are called as Community
The part of earth where life exists is called biosphere
Q7. What are the scientific name of mustard plant and frog?
Brassica campestris is the scientific name for mustard plant and Rana tigrina is the scientific name of spotted frog
Q8. Describe any one of the following unicellular organism with diagram
Or
Give five characteristics of
i) amoeba ii) volvox
A. Amoeba:
Amoeba is a unicellular organism found in the mud of shallow pond, pools and at any stagnant water.
Its sizeis about 0.25mm.
Amoeba has airregular shape.
It has a cell membrane which helps in movement of molecules and protects cytoplasm.
The outer part of cytoplasm is clear and transparent, called ectoplasm (gel) and inner part is called endoplasm (sol).
The cytoplasm contains nucleus, food vacuoles,mitochondria etc.
Amoeba moves by false foot, called pseudopodia.
Figure1.5
Volvox:
Volvox once called algae that live together in a colony.
Each Volvox cell has two flagella.
The flagella beat together to roll the body in water.
Volvox cells have chlorophyll and make their own food by photosynthesis.
Volvox are not harmful to humans because they do not produce any toxic substance.
Figure 1.6
Q9: Define the following terms
(i) Anatomy (ii) Histology (iii) Immunology
(iv) Pharmacology (v) Entomology (vi) Biometry (vii) Biogeography
(viii) Surgery (ix) Animal husbandry
(x) Bioelements
A. Anatomy: The study of internal parts of body of living organisms by cutting them open.
Histology: The study of structure of tissues of plant and animals.
Immunology:
Pharmacology: The study about action of drugs.
Entomology: it is a branch of zoology which deals with the study of insects
Biometry: The branch of mathematics which collects data of living organisms. It plays very important role in research
Biogeography: It deals with the distribution of different living organisms in different geographical regions of the world. Many living organisms are restricted to particular geographical regions due to environmental conditions.
Surgery: surgery deals with repair, replacement or removal the affected organ.
Animal husbandry: This profession is part of agriculture science. It deals with the care and breeding of animals which are beneficial for man.
Bioelements: In nature, there are more than 100 kinds of elements and among these 16 elements are called as bio-elements, which are vital for life. Only six elements such as C, H, O, N, S and P are called basic elements of life
1. Encircle the correct answer:
(i) A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a:
(a) Biosphere (b) Community
(c) Ecosystem (d) Population
Ans: b
(ii) Increased quantity and quality of fish production:
(a) Fisheries (b) Farming
(c) Animal husbandry (d) Forestry
Ans: a
(iii) Study of remote past organic life, with the help of fossils.
(a) Entomology (b) Paleontology
(c) Taxonomy (d) Histology
Ans: b
(iv) Laws and techniques of physics are applied to explain the living processes of life.
(a) Biometry (b) Biostatistics
(c) Biophysics (d) Bio-economics
Ans: c
(v) Choose the incorrect statement:
(a) Six elements such as C, H, O, N, S and P are called basic elements of life.
(b) Foundation of life based on chemicals.
(c) Members of different species form population. (d) Part of earth where life exists is called biosphere
Ans:b
(vi) Science of diagnosis and treatment of diseases. (a) Agriculture (b) Medicine
(c) Surgery (d) Both B and C
Ans: b
16
(vii) Similar cells combine together to form:
a) Organs
(c) Tissue
b) System (d) Body
Ans:a
(viii) Scientific name of frog is:
(a) Palaeon (b) Rana tigrina
(d) Pheretima
(c) Periplaneta
Ans: b
(ix) Select the correct sequence of biological organization
(a) Atom → Cell → Tissue → Molecule → Organ (b) Atom → Tissue → Cell → Molecule → Organ (c) Atom → Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ (d) Atom → Cell → Molecule →Tissue → Organ
Ans: c
(x) Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of
(a) Green algae (b) Red algae
(c) Brown algae (d) None of these
Ans: a
2. Fill in the blanks
(i) Techniques for manipulation of gene to achieve desirable characters are called____________. (Biotechnology)
(ii) Distribution of different living organisms in different regions of the world____________.community
(iii) Partofagricultureforthedevelopmentofnewvarietiesofplant,and their fruit is ____________.
(iv) Bio elements considered as vital for life are __________ in members.
(v) Members of different species living in specific habitat are called __________.
(vi) The Muslim scientists who identified many diseases like tuberculosis, meningitis and other such inflammations was _______.
(vii) Partofearthwherelifeexistsiscalled______.
(b) System (d) Body
(b) Rana tigrina
(d) Pheretima
(viii) Foundationoflifebasedon________.
(ix) Fish is one of the best source of_________.
(x) Radio labeling and carbon dating also show some uses of radioactive isotopes in determining the ________ of fossils.
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