Chap2: Solving a biological problem

 Chap 2: Solving a biological problem 

Encircle the correct answer:

Select the correct sequence of biological method. (a) Law → Theory → Reasoning → Hypothesis

(b) Hypothesis → Theory → Law → Reasoning

(c) Hypothesis → Reasoning → Theory → Law (d) Law → Hypothesis → Reasoning → Theory 

Ans: c

Select the odd one

(a) Theory (b) Law (c) Hypothesis (d) Ratio

Ans: d

Field of research that examines mathematical representations of biological system called.

(a) Ratio (b) Mathematical biology (c) Proportion (d) Law

Ans: b

Biological method involves all of the following except.

(a) Data collection (b) Observation (c) Experiment (d) Proportion

Ans: d

 v) Scientific reasoning moves from specific to general. (a) Inductive (b) Deductive

(c) Observation (d) Both a and b

Ans: a

(vi) Quantitative observation is the use of

(a) Senses (b) Equipment (c) Guess (d) Ratio

 Ans: b

(vii) Equation stating that two ratios are equal

(a) Ratio (b) Proportion (c) Guess (d) Senses

Ans: b

(viii) The comparison of two values is called

(a) Ratio (b) Proportion (c) Graph (d) Table

Ans: a

(ix) What is a hypothesis?

(a) The same thing as an unproven theory.

(b) A tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsified. (c) A verifiable observation.

(d) A fact based on quantitative data that is falsified.

Ans:c

(x) In data organization, which method is mostly useful? (a) Table (b) Graph

(c) Ratio (d) Both a and b

Ans: d

2. Fill in the blanks:

(i) Problem solving approach of biology and other sciences called__________.(scientific method)

(ii) Solution of biological problem starts with___________.(observation)

(iii) The key component of the scientific process is ___________.(Hypothesis)

(iv) Scientific reasoning based on “if-then” statement called ____________.(deductive reasoning )

(v) Final step of the scientific method is developing _____________.(law)

(vi) The uniform or constant fact of nature, virtually an irrefutable theory is ____________.(law)

(vii) Once you have the data, you may need to perform _____________ analysis.(methamatical)

(viii) The equation stating that two ratios are equal is called___________.(proportion)

(ix) Ratio is comparison of ________ values. (2 )

(x) The cause of malaria is ____________.(plasmodium)

Define the following terms:

i) Ratio

Ratio is a comparison of two values expressed as a quotient (1st/2nd). Example: A flower has 4 sepals and 12 petals. The ratio of sepals to petals is 4:12. 

(ii) Biological method

The biological method is the stepwise process in which a scientist finds out the reason of any biological problem about living things

(iii) Graph

iv) Hypothesis

 Ahypothesisisanideathatissuggestedasanexplanationforanatural event, particular experience, or specific condition that can be tested through definable experimentation

(v) Law

A scientific law is a uniform or constant fact of nature, it is virtually an irrefutable theory.

(vi) Inductive reasoning

 Inductive reasoning moves from specific to general e.g.Shark is a fish. All fishes have scales therefore sharks also have scales.

(vii) Conclusion

Conclusion is where all the results from the experiment are analyzed and a determination is reached about the hypothesis

(viii) Proportion

A Proportion is an equation stating that two ratios are equal.

(ix) Observation

The solution of biological problem starts with observation. It can be qualitative(senses) or quantitative ( equipment)

(x) Mathematical models

One key role of mathematics in biology is the creation of mathematical model

4. Distinguish between the following in tabulated form:

(i) Theory and Law

Theory	Law
Theory can be revised	Law cannot be revised
Theory describes the natural phenomenon	Law is based on proof

(ii) Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning	deductive reasoning
moves from specific to general	The deductive reasoning involves the use of “if-then” logic. It moves from general to specific.
Inductive reasoning is also called inductive logic or bottom-up reasoning.	Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top-down logic.

5. Write short answers of following questions:

(i) Theory is highly reliable scientific explanations, why?

Ans: theory is highly reliable scientific explanation because it is made after regrous scientific experiments and research. 

ii) Why biological sciences need mathematical models?

Mathematical models are used to help interpret biomedical data produced by high-throughput genomics and proteomics projects.

(iii) Draw a chart showing steps involved in biological methods

iv) Why table or graph is necessary for data organization?

Researchers and scientists often use tables and graphs to report findings from their research.

Experiment can provide hints toward the structure or mathematical form of a theory and it can provide evidence for the existence of the entities involved in our theories

Biology notes class 9 chapter 1: introduction to biology

 Chapter 1: Introduction to biology 

Q/A

Q1. Define biology and its descibe its three branches?

The word biology comes from Greek language “Bios” meaning “live” and “Logos” meaning “thought or reasoning”. Thus biology meaning study of life. 

Branches of biology:

Cell biology (L. cells, compartment, Gk. Bios= life; logos; discourse): The study of cell and its organelle.

Parasitology (Gr. para; up): The study of parasites

Pharmacology (Gr. pharmakon, drug;). The study about action of drugs.

Q2. Give one example about relationship of biology with other sciences?

A. Biochemistry:

It is branch of biology which deals with the study of molecules which form living organisms or cell and requires authentic knowledge about biology and chemistry to explain the synthesis of biomolecules and function of different molecules in the body of an organism.

Q3. Mention three careers in biology 

A. Medicine and Surgery:

Medicine deals with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and surgery deals with repair, replacement or removal the affected organ.

Agriculture:

This deals with production of varieties of crops, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, etc. Pakistan being an agricultural country, it can play very important role.

Biotechnology:

This is very important and sensitive profession. It deals with manipulation of gene to produce valuable chemical products, such as insulin, growth hormones, interferon, etc from bacteria as well as others.

Q3 . Write translation of one verses about The Holy Quran and biology 

“We made every living thing from water”.

(Surah: Ambia, Verse: 30)

Q4. Write contribution of any three muslim scientists 

A.  Jabir Bin Hayan (722-817 A.D):

 He worked in the field of chemistry but he also wrote a number of books on plants and animals. “Al-Nabatiat” and “Al- Haywan” are his two famous books on plants and animals, respectively

Abdul Malik Asmai (741-828 A.D):

He was great zoologist and wrote many books on animals like “Al- Kheil” on horse, “Al-Ibil” on camels, “Al-Shat” on sheep, “Al-Wahoosh” on wild animals and “Khalqul Insan” on the different parts of human body

Bu Ali Sina (980-1037 A.D):

He was greatest of all the Muslim scientists and considered as the founder of medicine. He is called as Avicenna in the west. He identified many diseases like tuberculosis, meningitis and other such inflammations. He wrote book like “Al-Qanoon” and “Fil Tib Al-Shafa”.

Q5. What are the levels of organization? Illustrate

A. The levels of organization in living world are based on chemical foundation. All the living organisms are made up of cells and the protoplasm of cell is the physical as well as chemical basis of life. These levels are as follows

Figure 1.1

Q6. Define species, population communities & biosphere ?

The Species is the smallest unit of taxonomic level of organization, which includes morphologically similar living organisms which inter-breed and produce fertile offspring.

All the members of a species, living in specific habitat are called Population

The members of different species living in specific habitat are called as Community

The part of earth where life exists is called biosphere

Q7. What are the scientific name of mustard plant and frog?

Brassica campestris is the scientific name for mustard plant and Rana tigrina is the scientific name of spotted frog 

Q8. Describe any one of the following unicellular organism with diagram 

Or

Give five characteristics of 

i) amoeba ii) volvox

A. Amoeba:

Amoeba is a unicellular organism found in the mud of shallow pond, pools and at any stagnant water. 

Its sizeis about 0.25mm. 

Amoeba has airregular shape. 

It has a cell membrane which helps in movement of molecules and protects cytoplasm. 

The outer part of cytoplasm is clear and transparent, called ectoplasm (gel) and inner part is called endoplasm (sol). 

The cytoplasm contains nucleus, food vacuoles,mitochondria etc. 

Amoeba moves by false foot, called pseudopodia.

Figure1.5

Volvox: 

Volvox once called algae that live together in a colony.

Each Volvox cell has two flagella. 

The flagella beat together to roll the body in water. 

Volvox cells have chlorophyll and make their own food by photosynthesis. 

Volvox are not harmful to humans because they do not produce any toxic substance.

Figure 1.6

Q9:  Define the following terms

(i) Anatomy (ii) Histology (iii) Immunology

(iv)  Pharmacology (v) Entomology (vi) Biometry (vii) Biogeography

(viii) Surgery (ix) Animal husbandry

(x) Bioelements

A. Anatomy: The study of internal parts of body of living organisms by cutting them open.

Histology: The study of structure of tissues of plant and animals.

Immunology: 

Pharmacology: The study about action of drugs.

Entomology: it is a branch of zoology which deals with the study of insects

Biometry: The branch of mathematics which collects data of living organisms. It plays very important role in research

Biogeography: It deals with the distribution of different living organisms in different geographical regions of the world. Many living organisms are restricted to particular geographical regions due to environmental conditions.

Surgery: surgery deals with repair, replacement or removal the affected organ.

Animal husbandry: This profession is part of agriculture science. It deals with the care and breeding of animals which are beneficial for man.

Bioelements: In nature, there are more than 100 kinds of elements and among these 16 elements are called as bio-elements, which are vital for life. Only six elements such as C, H, O, N, S and P are called basic elements of life

1. Encircle the correct answer:

(i) A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a:

(a) Biosphere (b) Community

(c) Ecosystem (d) Population

Ans: b

(ii) Increased quantity and quality of fish production:

(a) Fisheries (b) Farming

(c) Animal husbandry (d) Forestry

Ans: a

(iii) Study of remote past organic life, with the help of fossils.

(a) Entomology (b) Paleontology

(c) Taxonomy (d) Histology

Ans: b

(iv) Laws and techniques of physics are applied to explain the living processes of life.

(a) Biometry (b) Biostatistics

(c) Biophysics (d) Bio-economics

Ans: c

(v) Choose the incorrect statement:

(a) Six elements such as C, H, O, N, S and P are called basic elements of life.

(b) Foundation of life based on chemicals.

(c) Members of different species form population. (d) Part of earth where life exists is called biosphere

Ans:b

(vi) Science of diagnosis and treatment of diseases. (a) Agriculture (b) Medicine

(c) Surgery (d) Both B and C

Ans: b

    

 16

(vii) Similar cells combine together to form:

a) Organs

(c) Tissue

b) System (d) Body

Ans:a

(viii) Scientific name of frog is:

(a) Palaeon (b) Rana tigrina

(d) Pheretima

(c) Periplaneta

Ans: b

(ix) Select the correct sequence of biological organization

(a) Atom → Cell → Tissue → Molecule → Organ (b) Atom → Tissue → Cell → Molecule → Organ (c) Atom → Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ (d) Atom → Cell → Molecule →Tissue → Organ

Ans: c

(x) Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of

(a) Green algae (b) Red algae

(c) Brown algae (d) None of these

Ans: a

2. Fill in the blanks

(i) Techniques for manipulation of gene to achieve desirable characters are called____________. (Biotechnology)

(ii) Distribution of different living organisms in different regions of the world____________.community 

(iii) Partofagricultureforthedevelopmentofnewvarietiesofplant,and their fruit is ____________.

(iv) Bio elements considered as vital for life are __________ in members.

(v) Members of different species living in specific habitat are called __________.

(vi) The Muslim scientists who identified many diseases like tuberculosis, meningitis and other such inflammations was _______.

(vii) Partofearthwherelifeexistsiscalled______.

(b) System (d) Body

(b) Rana tigrina

(d) Pheretima

  

(viii) Foundationoflifebasedon________.

(ix) Fish is one of the best source of_________.

(x) Radio labeling and carbon dating also show some uses of radioactive isotopes in determining the ________ of fossils.