Yoga

Yoga is a series of stretches and acts that you do with breathing ways. It offers the important benefits of exercise. And since yoga is gentle, nearly anyone can do it, anyhow of your age or fitness position. 

 

 Yoga is a 1000- time-old discipline from India. It was developed as a practice to unite the mind and body. There are numerous branches of yoga. All yoga styles can help balance your body, mind, and spirit, but they achieve it in colorful ways. 

Some yoga styles are violent and vigorous. Others are relaxing and pensive. No matter which class you choose, yoga is a great way to stretch and strengthen your body, concentrate your mind, and relax your spirit. 

 

 Benefits of yoga 

 Yoga can make you stronger and further flexible. It's a great way to stay limber and energetic. You will also feel more focused and alert. And yoga can help you feel great and function more in your diurnal life. Yoga can also help ameliorate these conditions 

 Poor blood rotation 

 High blood pressure 

 Arthritis 

Osteoporosis 

 Limited mobility 

 Lower reverse pain 

 Trouble breathing 

 Headaches 

 Pressure or stress 

 Depression 

 Yoga's gentle movements are a big reason for why it’s so popular. Yoga is good for people who have not been active in a while. It’s good for people who have certain health conditions like arthritis or osteoporosis. You can change the exercises to fit your requirements. But yoga is also great if you are formerly fit and want a grueling drill. As you come more strong and flexible with yoga, it's easier to do other kinds of exercise like dancing, walking, or swimming. 

 Yoga can help you 

 

 Reduce your threat for injury. Each yoga disguise targets specific muscles. This helps you increase your inflexibility and reduce your threat for injury. 

 Reduce stress. Yoga can help soothe the mind and lower stress situations. It does this by fastening the mind on the moment and the movements. 

 Increase your attention. A main part of yoga is metrical , focused breathing. This can help you concentrate. 

 Understand the mind and body connection. Yoga requires you to concentrate all your energy on each movement or pose exactly. This can help you feel the mind and body work together. 

 Gain strength and stamina. further vigorous styles of yoga promote strength and stamina. 

 Ameliorate balance and stability. Balancing acts bear you to use your core muscles. This can help you ameliorate your overall stability. 

 Ameliorate posture. Yoga poses strengthen and open tight areas of the body like the shoulders and muscles of the upper reverse. This can help you keep good posture. 

 Develop body mindfulness. Yoga requires you to contract or relax specific muscles as you stretch into each disguise. This can help you come more apprehensive of your body’s strengths and sins. 

 Types of yoga 

You have numerous types of yoga to choose from. They use different kinds of movements called acts. You may prefer a certain type, depending on your pretensions and fitness position 

 

 Hatha yoga. This form of yoga is the most popular in theU.S. It’s known as the yoga of force. It emphasizes strengthening and purifying the body. It involves physical postures( asanas) and breathing ways( pranayama). 

 Iyengar yoga. This style of yoga focuses on alignment. It's fluid and dancelike. It uses props like rustic blocks, strips, chairpersons, bolsters, and robes to help you achieve and hold postures you else could not hold. 

Ashtanga yoga. This kind of yoga is occasionally called ashtanga vinyasa or power yoga. It's violent and presto- paced. It’s designed to make your abidance and strength. You do a series of postures in 1 nonstop, flowing movement. You link the movements to breathing patterns. 

 Bikram yoga. You do this form of yoga in a veritably hot room, unlike numerous other types of yoga. Bikram yoga involves a set of 26 postures that you exercise doubly per session. First you do standing and balance acts. also you do back bends, forward bends, and wringing postures. 

 Restorative yoga. This type of yoga doesn't use active postures. It focuses rather on the relaxation part of yoga. 

 Kripalu yoga. This is a gentler, pokily- moving style of yoga. It’s between restorative yoga and the more vigorous forms. 

Chap2: Solving a biological problem

 Chap 2: Solving a biological problem 

Encircle the correct answer:

Select the correct sequence of biological method. (a) Law → Theory → Reasoning → Hypothesis

(b) Hypothesis → Theory → Law → Reasoning

(c) Hypothesis → Reasoning → Theory → Law (d) Law → Hypothesis → Reasoning → Theory 

Ans: c

Select the odd one

(a) Theory (b) Law (c) Hypothesis (d) Ratio

Ans: d

Field of research that examines mathematical representations of biological system called.

(a) Ratio (b) Mathematical biology (c) Proportion (d) Law

Ans: b

Biological method involves all of the following except.

(a) Data collection (b) Observation (c) Experiment (d) Proportion

Ans: d

 v) Scientific reasoning moves from specific to general. (a) Inductive (b) Deductive

(c) Observation (d) Both a and b

Ans: a

(vi) Quantitative observation is the use of

(a) Senses (b) Equipment (c) Guess (d) Ratio

 Ans: b

(vii) Equation stating that two ratios are equal

(a) Ratio (b) Proportion (c) Guess (d) Senses

Ans: b

(viii) The comparison of two values is called

(a) Ratio (b) Proportion (c) Graph (d) Table

Ans: a

(ix) What is a hypothesis?

(a) The same thing as an unproven theory.

(b) A tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsified. (c) A verifiable observation.

(d) A fact based on quantitative data that is falsified.

Ans:c

(x) In data organization, which method is mostly useful? (a) Table (b) Graph

(c) Ratio (d) Both a and b

Ans: d

2. Fill in the blanks:

(i) Problem solving approach of biology and other sciences called__________.(scientific method)

(ii) Solution of biological problem starts with___________.(observation)

(iii) The key component of the scientific process is ___________.(Hypothesis)

(iv) Scientific reasoning based on “if-then” statement called ____________.(deductive reasoning )

(v) Final step of the scientific method is developing _____________.(law)

(vi) The uniform or constant fact of nature, virtually an irrefutable theory is ____________.(law)

(vii) Once you have the data, you may need to perform _____________ analysis.(methamatical)

(viii) The equation stating that two ratios are equal is called___________.(proportion)

(ix) Ratio is comparison of ________ values. (2 )

(x) The cause of malaria is ____________.(plasmodium)

Define the following terms:

i) Ratio

Ratio is a comparison of two values expressed as a quotient (1st/2nd). Example: A flower has 4 sepals and 12 petals. The ratio of sepals to petals is 4:12. 

(ii) Biological method

The biological method is the stepwise process in which a scientist finds out the reason of any biological problem about living things

(iii) Graph

iv) Hypothesis

 Ahypothesisisanideathatissuggestedasanexplanationforanatural event, particular experience, or specific condition that can be tested through definable experimentation

(v) Law

A scientific law is a uniform or constant fact of nature, it is virtually an irrefutable theory.

(vi) Inductive reasoning

 Inductive reasoning moves from specific to general e.g.Shark is a fish. All fishes have scales therefore sharks also have scales.

(vii) Conclusion

Conclusion is where all the results from the experiment are analyzed and a determination is reached about the hypothesis

(viii) Proportion

A Proportion is an equation stating that two ratios are equal.

(ix) Observation

The solution of biological problem starts with observation. It can be qualitative(senses) or quantitative ( equipment)

(x) Mathematical models

One key role of mathematics in biology is the creation of mathematical model

4. Distinguish between the following in tabulated form:

(i) Theory and Law

Theory	Law
Theory can be revised	Law cannot be revised
Theory describes the natural phenomenon	Law is based on proof

(ii) Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning	deductive reasoning
moves from specific to general	The deductive reasoning involves the use of “if-then” logic. It moves from general to specific.
Inductive reasoning is also called inductive logic or bottom-up reasoning.	Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top-down logic.

5. Write short answers of following questions:

(i) Theory is highly reliable scientific explanations, why?

Ans: theory is highly reliable scientific explanation because it is made after regrous scientific experiments and research. 

ii) Why biological sciences need mathematical models?

Mathematical models are used to help interpret biomedical data produced by high-throughput genomics and proteomics projects.

(iii) Draw a chart showing steps involved in biological methods

iv) Why table or graph is necessary for data organization?

Researchers and scientists often use tables and graphs to report findings from their research.

Experiment can provide hints toward the structure or mathematical form of a theory and it can provide evidence for the existence of the entities involved in our theories

HUMAN HEALTH AND GLOBAL WARMING

 

Global warming is the long-term rise in the global temperature. Though this warming trend has been going on for a long time, it has accelerated in the last century due to the use of fossil fuels. As the human population has grown, so has the amount of fossil fuels consumed. Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels, and their combustion causes the "greenhouse effect" in the Earth's atmosphere.

The greenhouse effect occurs when the Sun's rays penetrate the atmosphere but cannot escape back into space because heat is reflected off the surface. The gases emitted by the combustion of fossil fuels prevent heat from leaving the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, water vapour, and methane are examples of greenhouse gases.

The effect of global warming are already been evident. Winters are becoming shorter, animals and plants are changing their seasonal behaviour, summers are becoming more extreme, glaciers are melting, ocean levels are rising, floods are becoming more common, and hurricanes have become "normal."

CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 

Utilization of Vehicles:

Even driving for a short distance produces a variety of gaseous emissions. Vehicles run on fossil fuels, which release a lot of CO2 and other toxins into the atmosphere, raising the temperature.

Overpopulation:

More people breathing equals more breathing. This increases the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, which is the primary cause of global warming.

Chlorofluorocarbon:

Excessive use of air conditioners and refrigerators has resulted in the release of CFCs into the environment, which harms the ozone layer. The earth's surface is protected from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays by the ozone layer. The ozone layer shields the earth's surface from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. CFCs have caused ozone layer depletion, allowing ultraviolet rays to enter the atmosphere and raise global temperatures.

Deforestation:

Plants are the primary source of oxygen. They absorb CO2 and emit oxygen, keeping the environment in balance. For a variety of domestic and commercial reasons, forests are being depleted. This has caused an environmental imbalance, which has aided in global warming.

Agriculture:

A variety of farming activities emit carbon dioxide and methane gas. These add to greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, which raises global temperatures.

Industrial Progress:

Since the advent of industrialization, the Earth's temperature has been rapidly rising. The harmful emissions from factories contribute to the global warming.

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the global temperature increased by 0.9 degrees Celsius between 1880 and 2012. The increase is 1.1 degrees Celsius when compared to the pre-industrial mean temperature.

HUMAN HEALTH AND GLOBAL WARMING

Declining water availability, food shortages, and more intense and frequent floods and droughts, will have an impact on human health. A warmer world is also likely to see an increase in the spread of insect-borne diseases like malaria. The main direct effect of climate change on humans will be heat stress in extreme high temperatures, which will become more frequent and widespread, particularly in urban populations. 

The heat wave in Europe in June, July, and August of 2003 was an example of record extreme high temperatures. Temperatures soared above 40 degrees Celsius in many places. Over 20 000 additional deaths were attributed to the unrelenting heat in France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. According to studies, it is very likely that a large part of the cause is due to an increase in greenhouse gases, and that by 2050, such a summer will be the norm, and that by 2100, it will be a cool summer.

Land animals will find it more difficult to find food and water in a warmer world. Polar bears, for example, may become extinct as the ice on which they rely melts, and elephants may struggle to find the 150-300 litres of water they require each day. Scientists believe that if nothing is done, at least 550 species will be lost this century.

HOW TO STOP GLOBAL WARMING:

Switch on a light:

One regular light bulb replaced with a compact fluorescent light bulb saves 150 pounds of CO2 per year.

Reduce your driving:

Increase your use of walking, biking, carpooling, and public transportation. You will save one pound of CO2 for every mile you do not drive!

Increase your recycling rate:

Recycling half of your household waste can save you 2,400 pounds of CO2 per year.

Examine your tyres:

Keeping your tyres properly inflated can increase your gas mileage by more than 3%. Every gallon of gasoline saved removes 20 pounds of CO2 from the atmosphere.

Reduce your use of hot water:

Heating water requires a lot of energy. Use less hot water by taking shorter, cooler showers and washing your clothes.

Chromotherapy and its effects on human

 

Chromotherapy, which means "colour therapy"  is concerned with the study of colours. According to the science of chromotherapy, which examines colours and their energy effects as a therapeutic tool, each hue has the power to affect our mood in a distinctive way in addition to affecting our physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. The method, which has been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1976, aims to improve patients' conditions without the use of medications.

 

In China (2700 BC), with traditional Chinese medicine, it was thought that each person had their own system of colours (or colour), and that via it, much of their lives and events were defined. According to chromotherapy, a science that studies colours and that Also steeped in mysticism, the Greeks were the first to embrace chromotherapy in Greece (500 BC). Through heliotherapy, a form of sun-ray therapy, they adored the Sun god Helios, who was revered as "the eye of the world," or the one who sees everything.

 

Chromotherapists, who specialise in colour therapy, research the makeup of colours and how they affect people. Its foundation is the idea that light's colour gradations and impacts on emotion and physical status are possible.

Scientifically speaking, it must be mentioned that this procedure does not enjoy the favour of scientists.

In actuality, there haven't been any studies carried out to date using the high standards required to be recognised as a medical practise.

Consequently, it is categorised as one of the complementary and alternative medicines with one extremely advantageous feature: it has neither adverse effects nor contraindications.

Lets have a brief description on colours and its effects on human mood.

RED: Red is a colour associated with vigour and hunger. Because it stimulates the nerve system strongly and must be handled carefully, it creates extreme stimulation. It's also connected to passion and love.

The hue is used to denote areas where food is prepared, such as the dining room and kitchen, and it has the ability to give the space a cosy sense. Red can be utilised to arouse feelings of love in a couple's bedroom when administered properly. In contrast, when taken in excess, it results in agitation and anxiety, which can cause insomnia.

ORANGE: Orange is a symbol of rebirth, intelligence, and bravery. It encourages communication and creativity by assisting in the metabolism and digestive system's activation. Therefore, it is advised in settings where you wish to develop conversations, including visiting rooms and workplaces.

Orange, which is frequently used in kitchens and dining rooms, can help boost appetites. Avoid using orange in bedrooms and rest spaces since it can lead to heated debates when used excessively.

YELLOW: Similar to orange, yellow is an extremely energising colour that affects the mind and hunger. It stimulates energy and the ability to express oneself and is connected to personal strength and fulfilment.

Its use in dark areas is strongly advised because it is derived from light. Yellow welcomes you in living and leisure places. Dark tones need caution because they can be overused and produce distractions, difficulty focusing, and friction. Light tones are more versatile and neutral.

GREEN: In reference to nature and organic materials like plants, flowers, and wood, the colour green represents life and growth. It symbolises fulfilment and hope, fostering health and well-being. It has a relaxing impact on individuals because it doesn't reflect a lot of light.

BLUE: Blue induces a calming sense by lowering the heart and respiration rates. It is a colour that promotes introspection and meditation. Its use is recommended in areas like bedrooms and study spaces where you want to portray peace and privacy. It can make you drowsy and depressed if used excessively.

VIOLET: Violet symbolises tranquillity and mental peace. Color enhances self-esteem and helps with attention. It promotes romance in pink tones and spirituality in deeper blue tones.

Violet is advised in health spaces and beds because of its energy-purifying properties. To prevent anxiety and depressive symptoms, use it sparingly.

It's necessary to emphasize that colour therapy is not an effective cure for any mental or physical health issues. It's essential to discuss any medical issues with your doctor if you think you may be suffering from a disorder like depression.

Medicinal & therapeutic effects of pomegranate

Pomegranate is a fruits that is well cultivated in India, China and Pakistan. The pomegranate is consumed mainly as fruit, fresh juice, jam ,jelly, concentrated syrup ,sauce, tea infusion and plant extracts . The seeds are good sources of anthocyanins a red pigment; Pomegranate possesses anti-inflammatory , antioxidant,anti-diabetic ,anti-cancer, anti-pathogenic , anti-cardiovascular, and skin care effects. A Study conducted by Wu et al in 2015 demonstrated that polyphenolic extract of the pomegranate has beneficial effects in hemodialysis patients. 

It has also been found in a study that pomegranate juice can prevent placental diseases . The use of pomegranate improves gut microbiota, and therefore prevent diabetes and obesity. 

Active compounds isolated from pomegranate are tannins , alkaloids, anthocyanidins , flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, sterols, terpenoids, organic acids , terpenes , xanthonoids, fatty acids, saccharides, lignans and vitamin C

Many skin care products are also made by using pomegranate extract which has excellent results on skin as it reduces aging process and provides a sheild against harmful UV radiation.